Abstract
Introduction: to asses the possible link between use of hormonal contraceptives (oral, injectable or sub dermal implants) with episodes of anxiety and depression in college students from Tunja, adjusting for other factors identified with depression in scientific literature.
Materials: study of prevalence, observational, with analytic cross-sectional design. Population was defined as the female students of two universities located in Tunja. It was extracted a sample of 538 women by random sequential sampling, which prior informed consent, was applied the Hamilton Anxiety Scale, and the Beck depression scale .Statistical analysis was made using Epi-Info program.
Results: the overall prevalence of depression was 18,95%, an the manifestations of anxiety one was 52,04%. We found statistically significant association between the use of hormonal methods and depression: OR = 3,31 (95% CI: 1,03-5,40, p = 0.0001). The estimate of probable association between hormonal methods and anxiety, showed a statistically significant association, although less strong: OR=1,46 (CI95% 1,03-2,05; p=0,018. It was also found association between manifestations of depression and age more than twenty years.
Conclusions: findings reported show positive association, suggesting the need for healthcare providers to evaluate mental state of the young university at the time of prescribing the use of hormonal preparations as a contraceptive method.
Licence
Authors should declare no conflicts of interest either for reasons of financing the project which is the result of the article; as well as intellectuals, academics, moral and investigative reasons.
The Journal of Andean Research is home to the ethical rules for publications issued by the COPE: http://publicationethics.org/resources/code-conduct
References
2. López AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray C. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001; systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet. 2006;367(9524):1747-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68770-9
3. Alberdi J, Taboada O, Castro C, Vásquez C. Depresión. In: Alberdi J, Taboada O, Castro C, Vásquez C, editors. Guías clínicas 2006;. La Coru-a: Complejo SERGAS; 2006. p. Disponible en: www.scamfyc.org/documentos/Depresion%20Fisterra.pdf (Consulta: 30-042013.
4. Correa A. Depresión y estrógenos:¿son los estrógenos una Opción terapéutica? Universitas Médica. 2007;48(3):277-90.
5. Saldívar RD, Vázquez J, Lara R, Ramos C, Lira J, Rodríguez E, et al. Experiencia clínica de los anticonceptivos orales combinados (AOC) de baja dosis en México. Ginecol Obstet Mex. 2006;74(11):559-67.
6. Gizewski E, Krause E, Wanke I, Forst-ing M, Senf W. Gender-specific cerebral activa-tion during cognitive tasks using functional MRI: comparison of women in mid-luteal phase and men. Neuroradiology. 2006;48(1):14-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00234-005-0004-9
7. López N, Errasti T, Santiago E. Estrógenos y desarrollo del cerebro femenino en la adolescencia: anticoncepción de emergencia. Cuad Bioét. 2011;XXII(75):185-200.
8. Silveira A, Vieira E, Leao DM, Nicorena BP, Rodriguez rafael, Sandoval E. Sindrome de tensión premenstrual observado em usuarias del ambulatorio municipal de salud de la mujer. Enfermería Global 2014; 35: 63-73.
9. Oviedo Lugo GF, Jordán Mondragón V. Trastornos afectivos posparto. Universitas Médica. [Internet]. 2006 [Consulta 8 Jul 2014]; 47(2). Disponible en: http://med.javeriana.edu.co/publi/vniversitas/serial/v47n2/3%20Transtorno%20posparto.pdf
10. Sordia Hernández LH. Menopausia: la severidad de su sintomatología y depresión. [Tesis doctoral]. [Internet]. Barcelona: Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 2009 [Consulta 8 Jul 2014]. Disponible en: http://www.tdx.cat/bitstream/handle/10803/4654/lhsh1de1.pdf;jsessionid=D08CC42CFA8F11B9B0FD818A82001061.tdx2?sequence=1
11. Sierra J, Ortega V, Zubeidat I. Ansiedad, angustia y estrés: tres conceptos a diferenciar. Rev Mal-Estar e subjetividad. 2003;III(1):10-59.
12. Sanz J, García Vera MP. Rendimiento diagnóstico y estructura factorial del inventario de depresión de Beck-II (BDI-II). Anales de Psicología 2013; 29(1): 66-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.1.130532
13. Sanz, J., Navarro, M. E., y Vázquez, C. (2003). Adaptación espa-ola del Inventario para la Depresión de Beck II (BDI-II): Propiedades psicométricas en estudiantes universitarios. Análisis y Modificación de Conducta. 2003; 29(124): 239-288.
14. Sanz J, Navarro ME, Vázquez C. Adaptación espa-ola del inventario para la depresión de Beck-II (BDI-II): Propiedades psicométricas en estudiantes universitarios. Universidad Complutense. Madrid, 2003.
15. Chang HA, Chang CC, Tzeng NS, Kuo TBJ, Lu RB, Huang SY. Generalized anxiety disorder, comorbid major depression and heart rate variability: a case control study in Taiwan. Psychiatry Investig 2013; 10(4): 326-335 http://dx.doi.org/10.4306/pi.2013.10.4.326
16. Song QH, Shen GQ, Xu RM, Zhang QH, Ma M, Guo YH et al. Effect of Tai Chi exercise on the physical and mental health of the elder patients suffered from anxiety disorder. Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol 2014;6(1):55-60
17. KummerA, Cardoso F, Teixeira AL. Generalized anxiety disorder and the Hamilton anxiety rating scale in Parkinson's disease. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2010; 68(4):495-501 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X2010000400005
18. Shear MK, Vander-Bilt J. Rucci P, Endicott J, Lydiard B, Otto MW, et al. Reliability and validity of a structured interview guide for the Hamilton anxiety rating scale (SIGH-A). Depression and anxiety 2001; 13:166-178 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.1033
19. Arteaga MS, Daza SM, Gómez NM, Raga N. Asociación entre conocimiento y uso de métodos anticonceptivos en estudiantes de enfermería y medicina de la Universidad El Bosque. Rev Col Enferm. 2006;1(1):65-73.
20. Ospina Díaz JM, Manrique Abril FG. Prácticas y comportamientos sexuales en estudiantes universitarios; Sexual behaviors and Practices among university students. Av enferm. 2007;25(2):101-11.
21. Balanza S, Morales I, J. G. Prevalencia de ansiedad y depresión en una población de estudiantes universitarios: factores académicos y socio-familiares asociados. Clínica y Salud. 2009;20(2):177-87.
22. Díaz-Ramírez NL. Depresión y factores asociados en estudiantes de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia [Tesis de Maestria en Psicología]. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia; 2012.
23. Kumar S, Lata K, Mukhopadhyay S, Mukherjee T. Role of estrogen receptors in pro-oxidative and anti-oxidative actions of estrogens: A perspective. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010;1800:1127-35.
24. Õsterlund M. Underlying mechanisms mediating the antidepressant effects of estrogens. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010;1800:1136-44.
25. Robinson SA, Dowell M, Pedulla D, McCauley L. Do the emotional-side effects of hormonal contraceptives come from pharmacologic or psychological mechanisms? Med Hypotheses. 2004;63(2):268-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2004.02.013
26. Dennis C, Ross L, HerxheimerA. Oestrogens and progestins for preventing and treating postpartum depression. Cochrane Review [Internet]. 2008; 8:[ Disponible en: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001690.pub2/pdf (Consulta: 03-05-2013) pp.
Downloads
