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Rodríguez-Puentes, M., & Zarate-Guerrero, S. (2019). Factores neurobiológicos asociados a la adquisición de los trastornos depresivos: una revisión. Documentos De Trabajo Areandina, (1). https://doi.org/10.33132/26654644.1510
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El estudio de los factores neurobiológicos asociados a la depresión ha estado circunscrito de forma preponderante a la hipótesis monoaminérgica, de gran aceptación, dada la efectividad clínica de los fármacos inhibidores de los procesos de recaptación y de degradación de la serotonina y la noradrenalina. La hipótesis neurotrófica pone el énfasis en las deficiencias de BDNF (del inglés brain-derived neurotrophic factor), aunque no como factor autónomo sino como coexistente de las disfunciones de monoaminas. El interés en ella ha aumentado debido a los efectos antidepresivos de la ketamina, los cuales han dado lugar a una hipótesis glutamatérgica, consolidada por escaneos cerebrales y análisis post mortem de los tejidos cerebrales, corroborándose la disfunción de la trasmisión de glutamato en pacientes depresivos. Dada la función del glutamato en la neuroplasticidad, y la importancia del BDNF al respecto, estas dos hipótesis están relacionadas. Ahora bien, la influencia de las interneuronas de somasostatina en los procesos metabólicos del BDNF y del glutamato, y la importancia del GABA para el funcionamiento de aquellas, han puesto a este en el centro hipotético de la etiología. Otros estudios han hallado que factores como el nivel de hidratación, el tipo de dieta o el consumo de nutrientes específicos tienen un impacto significativo. También se encuentra una diferenciación en los genes que predisponen a la depresión en cada sexo. La interacción entre los diversos factores apunta a una multidimensionalidad biológica, respecto de la etiología de la depresión, sin que haya aún una explicación completa y definitiva. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo realizar una revisión de los factores neurobiológicos asociados con la adquisición y desarrollo de la depresión. Para esto, se realizó una búsqueda y clasificación de artículos en diferentes bases de datos, posteriormente, se resumen las hipótesis más descritas en la literatura haciendo énfasis en las teorías más recientes.
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Albert, P. R. (2015). Why is depression more prevalent in women? Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 40(4), 219-221. https://doi.org/10.1503%2Fjpn.150205
Barlow, D. H., & Durand, V. M. (2015). Abnormal psychology. An integrative Approach. Cengage.
Demenescu, L. R., Colic, L., Li, M., Safron, A., Biswal, B., Metzger, C. D., Li, S., & Walter, M. (2017). A spectroscopic approach toward depression diagnosis: local metabolism meets functional connectivity. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 267(2), 95-105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-016-0726-1
Deutschenbaur, L., Beck, J., Kiyhankhadiv, A., Mühlhauser, M., Borgwardt, S., Walter, M., Hasler, G., Sollberger, D., & Lang, U. E. (2016). Role of calcium, glutamate and NMDA in major depression and therapeutic application. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 64(4), 325-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.02.015
Doidge, N. (2015). The brain that changes itself: Stories of personal triumph from the frontiers of brain science. Viking Press.
Drobisza, D., & Damborská, A. (2019). Deep brain stimulation targets for treating depression. Behavioural Brain Research, 359(1), 266-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2018.11.004
Duman, R. S., Sanacora, G., & Krystal, J. H. (2019). Altered connectivity in depression: GABA and Glutamate neurotransmitter deficits and reversal by novel treatments. Neuron, 102(1) 75-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2019.03.013
Dweck, C. S. (2007). La actitud del éxito. Javier Vergara Editor.
El Tiempo-Justicia. (2019, 16 de abril). Suicidios han crecido este año casi un 6 %. El Tiempo. https://bit.ly/3HoZ1DT
Field-Fote, E. C. (2015). Exciting recovery: augmenting practice with stimulation to optimize outcomes after spinal cord injury. Progress in Brain Research, 218, 103-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2014.12.006
Foland-Ross, L. C., Gilbert, B. L., Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2015). Neural markers of familial risk for depression: An investigation of cortical thickness abnormalities in healthy adolescent daughters of mothers with recurrent depression. Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science, 124(3), 476-485. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/abn0000050
Goodale, E. P. (2007) El papel de la norepinefrina y de la dopamina en la depresión. RET, Revista de Toxicomanías, (50), 19-22. https://www.cat-barcelona.com/uploads/rets/Ret50_4.pdf
Hamilton, J. P., Siemer, M., & Gotlib, I. H (2008). Amygdala volume in major depressive disorder: A meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies. Molecular Psychiatry, 13(11), 993-1000. https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fmp.2008.57
Huang, D., Zhang, L., Yang, J., Luo, Y., Cui, T., Du, T.-t., & Jiang, X.-h. (2019). Evaluation on monoamine neurotransmitters changes in depression rats given with sertraline, meloxicam or/and caffeic acid. Genes & Diseases, 6(2), 167-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2018.05.005
Jacka, F. N. (2017). Nutritional psychiatry: Where to next? eBioMedicine, 17, 24-29. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ebiom.2017.02.020
Johansson, O., Bjärehed, J., Andersson, G., Carlbring, P, & Lundh, L.-G. (2019). Effectiveness of guided internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for depression in routine psychiatry: A randomized controlled trial. Internet Interventions, 17, 100247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2019.100247
Jokela, M., García-Velázquez, R., Airaksinen, J., Gluschkoff, K., Kivimäki, M., & Rosenström, T. (2019). Chronic diseases and social risk factors in relation to specific symptoms of depression: Evidence from the U.S. national health and nutrition examination surveys. Journal of Affective Disorders, 251, 242-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.03.074
Kagan, J. (1997). Temperament and the reactions to unfamiliarity. Child Development, 68(1), 139-143. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1131931?origin=JSTOR-pdf
Kim, C.-S., & Shin, D.-M. (2019). Probiotic food consumption is associated with lower severity and prevalence of depression: A nationwide cross-sectional study. Nutrition, 63-64, 169-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2019.02.007
Kronenberg, G., Kirste, I., Inta, D., Chourbaji, S., Heuser, I., Endres, M., & Gass, P. (2009). Reduced hippocampal neurogenesis in the GR+/− genetic mouse model of depression. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 259, 499-504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-009-0036-y
Labonté, B., Engmann, O., Purushothaman, I., Menard, C., Wang, J., Tan C., Scarpa, J. R., Moy, G. Loh, Y.-H. E., Cahill, M., Lorsch, Z. S., Hamilton, P. J., Calipari, E. S., Hodes, G. E., Issler, O., Kronman, H., Pfau, M., Obradovic, A, L. J., Dong, Y., Neve, R., ... Nestler, E. J. (2017). Sex specific transcriptional signatures in human depression. Nature Medicine, 23(9), 1102-111. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.4386
Lener, M. S., Niciu, M. J., Ballard, E. D., Park, M., Park, L. T., Nugent, A. C., & Zarate Jr., C, A. (2017). Glutamate and Gamma-Aminobutyric acid systems in the pathophysiology of major depression and antidepressant response to ketamine. Biological Psychiatry, 81(10), 886-897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.05.005
Macías, M. A., Madariaga Orozco, C., Valle Amarís, M. y Zambrano, J. (2013). Estrategias de afrontamiento individual y familiar frente a situaciones de estrés psicológico. Psicología desde el Caribe, 30(1), 123-145. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/213/21328600007.pdf
MacQueen, G., & Frodl, T (2011). The hippocampus in major depression: evidence for the convergence of the bench and bedside in psychiatric research? Molecular Psychiatry, 16, 252–264. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2010.80
Mathews, D. C., Henter, I. D., & Zárate Jr., C. A. (2012). Targeting the Glutamatergic system to treat major depressive disorder. Rationale and progress to date. Drugs, 72(10), 1313–1333. https://doi.org/10.2165/11633130-000000000-00000
McEwen, B. S., Nasca, C., & Gray, J. D. (2016). Stress effects on neuronal structure: hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology, 41, 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2015.171
Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social y Colciencias (2015). Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental, Tomo I. https://bit.ly/3xrwYiF
Murrough, J. W., Abdallah, C. G., & Mathew, S. J. (2017). Targeting glutamate signalling in depression: progress and prospects. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 16, 472-486. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2017.16
Peterson, J. B. (2018). 12 Rules for life. Penguin Allen Lane.
Pross, N., Demazières, A., Girard, N., Barnouin, R., Metzger, D., Klein, A., Perrier, E., & Guelinckx, I., (2014). Effects of changes in water intake on mood of high and low drinkers. PLoS One, 9(4): e94754. https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0094754
Real Academia Española. (2018). Plasticidad. Diccionario de la lengua española (edición del tricentenario). https://dle.rae.es/plasticidad?m=form
Reyes, A. F. (2013). Herencia no genética, competencia lingüística, experiencia prenatal y manipulación de la conducta: aportes recientes de la neurobiología conductual y la neuropsicología a la explicación del comportamiento. Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana, 31(1), 223-240. http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=79928610018
Ruggiero, R. N., Bueno-Júnior, L. S., de Ross, J. B., Fachim, H. A., Padovan-Neto, F. E., Merlo, S., Rohner, C. J. S., Ikeda, É. T., Brusco, J., & Moreira, J. E. (2011). Neurotransmissão glutamatérgica e plasticidade sináptica: aspectos moleculares, clínicos e filogenéticos. Medicina (Ribeirão Preto), 44(2), 143-156. https://www.revistas.usp.br/rmrp/article/view/47348
Russo, S. J., & Nestler, E. J. (2013). The brain reward circuitry in mood disorders. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14, 609–625. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3381
Sanacora, G., Treccani, G., & Popoli, M. (2012). Towards a glutamate hypothesis of depression: An emerging frontier of neuropsychopharmacology for mood disorders. Neuropharmacology, 62(1), 63-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.07.036
Serrano Sánchez, T., y Díaz Armesto, I. (1998). Factor de crecimiento derivado del cerebro: aspectos de actualidad. Revista de Neurología, 26(154), 1027-1032. https://doi.org/10.33588/rn.26154.98019
Shapero, B. G., Chai, X. J., Vangel, M., Biederman, J., Hoover, C. S., Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Hirshfeld-Becker, D. R. (2019). Neural markers of depression risk predict the onset of depression. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 285, 31-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2019.01.006
Solomon, A. (2015). El demonio de la depresión. Editorial Debate.
Strong, C. E., & Kabbaj, M. (2018). On the safety of repeated ketamine infusions for the treatment of depression: Effects of sex and developmental periods. Neurobiology of Stress, 9, 166-175. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ynstr.2018.09.001
Ter Laak, J. J. F. (1996). Las cinco grandes dimensiones de la personalidad. Revista de Psicología, 14(2), 129-181: https://doi.org/10.18800/psico.199602.002
Trueta, C. (2014). La liberación de calcio de los depósitos intracelulares promueve la secreción de serotonina en terminales sinápticas. Salud Mental, 37(2), 103-110. http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/sm/v37n2/v37n2a3.pdf
Van Buren, A., & Cooley, E. L. (2002). Attachment styles, view of self and negative affect. North American Journal of Psychology, 4(3), 417-430. https://digitalcommons.sacredheart.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1084&context=psych_fac
Villas Boas, G. R., Boerngen de Lacerdac, R., Meirelles Paes, M., Guber, P., Da Cruz Almeida, W. L., Rescia, V. C., Moreira Galdino de Carvalho, P., Valladao de Carvalho, A. A., & Aparecida Oesterreich, S. (2019). Molecular aspects of depression: A review from neurobiology to treatment. European Journal of Pharmacology, 851, 99-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.02.024
World Health Organization (WHO). (2017). Depression and other common mental disorders. Global health estimates. World Health Organization. https://bit.ly/2TLOWHi
Yelamanchi, S. D., Jayaram, S., Thomas, J. K., Gundimeda, S., Khan, A, A., Singhal, A., Prasad, T. S., Pandey, A., Somani, B. L., & Gowda, H. (2016). A pathway map of glutamate metabolism. Journal of Cell Communication and Signalling, 10(1), 69-75. https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12079-015-0315-5
Yeum, T.-S., Maggiolo, N. S., Gupta, C. T., Davis, B. J., Nierenberg, A. A., & Sylvia, L. G. (2019). Adjunctive nutrition therapy for depression. Psychiatric Annals, 49(1), 21-25. https://doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20181205-02
Zhao, B., Li, Z., Wang, Y., Ma, X., Wang, X., Wang, X., Liu, J., Huang, Y., Zhang, J., Li, L., Hu, X., Jiang, J., Qu, S., Chai, Q., Song, M., Yang, X., Bao, T., & Fei, Y. (2019). Manual or electroacupuncture as an add-on therapy to SSRIs for depression: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 114, 24-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.04.005
Zhou, C., Zhang, H., Qin, Y., Tian, T., Xu, B., Chen, J., Zhou, X., Zeng, L., Fang, L., Qi, X., Lian, B., Wang, H., Hu, Z., & Xie, P. (2018). A systematic review and meta-analysis of deep brain stimulation in treatment-resistant depression. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 82(2), 224-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.11.012
Albert, P. R. (2015). Why is depression more prevalent in women? Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 40(4), 219-221. https://doi.org/10.1503%2Fjpn.150205
Barlow, D. H., & Durand, V. M. (2015). Abnormal psychology. An integrative Approach. Cengage.
Demenescu, L. R., Colic, L., Li, M., Safron, A., Biswal, B., Metzger, C. D., Li, S., & Walter, M. (2017). A spectroscopic approach toward depression diagnosis: local metabolism meets functional connectivity. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 267(2), 95-105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-016-0726-1
Deutschenbaur, L., Beck, J., Kiyhankhadiv, A., Mühlhauser, M., Borgwardt, S., Walter, M., Hasler, G., Sollberger, D., & Lang, U. E. (2016). Role of calcium, glutamate and NMDA in major depression and therapeutic application. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 64(4), 325-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.02.015
Doidge, N. (2015). The brain that changes itself: Stories of personal triumph from the frontiers of brain science. Viking Press.
Drobisza, D., & Damborská, A. (2019). Deep brain stimulation targets for treating depression. Behavioural Brain Research, 359(1), 266-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2018.11.004
Duman, R. S., Sanacora, G., & Krystal, J. H. (2019). Altered connectivity in depression: GABA and Glutamate neurotransmitter deficits and reversal by novel treatments. Neuron, 102(1) 75-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2019.03.013
Dweck, C. S. (2007). La actitud del éxito. Javier Vergara Editor.
El Tiempo-Justicia. (2019, 16 de abril). Suicidios han crecido este año casi un 6 %. El Tiempo. https://bit.ly/3HoZ1DT
Field-Fote, E. C. (2015). Exciting recovery: augmenting practice with stimulation to optimize outcomes after spinal cord injury. Progress in Brain Research, 218, 103-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2014.12.006
Foland-Ross, L. C., Gilbert, B. L., Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2015). Neural markers of familial risk for depression: An investigation of cortical thickness abnormalities in healthy adolescent daughters of mothers with recurrent depression. Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science, 124(3), 476-485. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/abn0000050
Goodale, E. P. (2007) El papel de la norepinefrina y de la dopamina en la depresión. RET, Revista de Toxicomanías, (50), 19-22. https://www.cat-barcelona.com/uploads/rets/Ret50_4.pdf
Hamilton, J. P., Siemer, M., & Gotlib, I. H (2008). Amygdala volume in major depressive disorder: A meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies. Molecular Psychiatry, 13(11), 993-1000. https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fmp.2008.57
Huang, D., Zhang, L., Yang, J., Luo, Y., Cui, T., Du, T.-t., & Jiang, X.-h. (2019). Evaluation on monoamine neurotransmitters changes in depression rats given with sertraline, meloxicam or/and caffeic acid. Genes & Diseases, 6(2), 167-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2018.05.005
Jacka, F. N. (2017). Nutritional psychiatry: Where to next? eBioMedicine, 17, 24-29. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ebiom.2017.02.020
Johansson, O., Bjärehed, J., Andersson, G., Carlbring, P, & Lundh, L.-G. (2019). Effectiveness of guided internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for depression in routine psychiatry: A randomized controlled trial. Internet Interventions, 17, 100247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2019.100247
Jokela, M., García-Velázquez, R., Airaksinen, J., Gluschkoff, K., Kivimäki, M., & Rosenström, T. (2019). Chronic diseases and social risk factors in relation to specific symptoms of depression: Evidence from the U.S. national health and nutrition examination surveys. Journal of Affective Disorders, 251, 242-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.03.074
Kagan, J. (1997). Temperament and the reactions to unfamiliarity. Child Development, 68(1), 139-143. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1131931?origin=JSTOR-pdf
Kim, C.-S., & Shin, D.-M. (2019). Probiotic food consumption is associated with lower severity and prevalence of depression: A nationwide cross-sectional study. Nutrition, 63-64, 169-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2019.02.007
Kronenberg, G., Kirste, I., Inta, D., Chourbaji, S., Heuser, I., Endres, M., & Gass, P. (2009). Reduced hippocampal neurogenesis in the GR+/− genetic mouse model of depression. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 259, 499-504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-009-0036-y
Labonté, B., Engmann, O., Purushothaman, I., Menard, C., Wang, J., Tan C., Scarpa, J. R., Moy, G. Loh, Y.-H. E., Cahill, M., Lorsch, Z. S., Hamilton, P. J., Calipari, E. S., Hodes, G. E., Issler, O., Kronman, H., Pfau, M., Obradovic, A, L. J., Dong, Y., Neve, R., ... Nestler, E. J. (2017). Sex specific transcriptional signatures in human depression. Nature Medicine, 23(9), 1102-111. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.4386
Lener, M. S., Niciu, M. J., Ballard, E. D., Park, M., Park, L. T., Nugent, A. C., & Zarate Jr., C, A. (2017). Glutamate and Gamma-Aminobutyric acid systems in the pathophysiology of major depression and antidepressant response to ketamine. Biological Psychiatry, 81(10), 886-897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.05.005
Macías, M. A., Madariaga Orozco, C., Valle Amarís, M. y Zambrano, J. (2013). Estrategias de afrontamiento individual y familiar frente a situaciones de estrés psicológico. Psicología desde el Caribe, 30(1), 123-145. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/213/21328600007.pdf
MacQueen, G., & Frodl, T (2011). The hippocampus in major depression: evidence for the convergence of the bench and bedside in psychiatric research? Molecular Psychiatry, 16, 252–264. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2010.80
Mathews, D. C., Henter, I. D., & Zárate Jr., C. A. (2012). Targeting the Glutamatergic system to treat major depressive disorder. Rationale and progress to date. Drugs, 72(10), 1313–1333. https://doi.org/10.2165/11633130-000000000-00000
McEwen, B. S., Nasca, C., & Gray, J. D. (2016). Stress effects on neuronal structure: hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology, 41, 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2015.171
Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social y Colciencias (2015). Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental, Tomo I. https://bit.ly/3xrwYiF
Murrough, J. W., Abdallah, C. G., & Mathew, S. J. (2017). Targeting glutamate signalling in depression: progress and prospects. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 16, 472-486. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2017.16
Peterson, J. B. (2018). 12 Rules for life. Penguin Allen Lane.
Pross, N., Demazières, A., Girard, N., Barnouin, R., Metzger, D., Klein, A., Perrier, E., & Guelinckx, I., (2014). Effects of changes in water intake on mood of high and low drinkers. PLoS One, 9(4): e94754. https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0094754
Real Academia Española. (2018). Plasticidad. Diccionario de la lengua española (edición del tricentenario). https://dle.rae.es/plasticidad?m=form
Reyes, A. F. (2013). Herencia no genética, competencia lingüística, experiencia prenatal y manipulación de la conducta: aportes recientes de la neurobiología conductual y la neuropsicología a la explicación del comportamiento. Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana, 31(1), 223-240. http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=79928610018
Ruggiero, R. N., Bueno-Júnior, L. S., de Ross, J. B., Fachim, H. A., Padovan-Neto, F. E., Merlo, S., Rohner, C. J. S., Ikeda, É. T., Brusco, J., & Moreira, J. E. (2011). Neurotransmissão glutamatérgica e plasticidade sináptica: aspectos moleculares, clínicos e filogenéticos. Medicina (Ribeirão Preto), 44(2), 143-156. https://www.revistas.usp.br/rmrp/article/view/47348
Russo, S. J., & Nestler, E. J. (2013). The brain reward circuitry in mood disorders. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14, 609–625. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3381
Sanacora, G., Treccani, G., & Popoli, M. (2012). Towards a glutamate hypothesis of depression: An emerging frontier of neuropsychopharmacology for mood disorders. Neuropharmacology, 62(1), 63-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.07.036
Serrano Sánchez, T., y Díaz Armesto, I. (1998). Factor de crecimiento derivado del cerebro: aspectos de actualidad. Revista de Neurología, 26(154), 1027-1032. https://doi.org/10.33588/rn.26154.98019
Shapero, B. G., Chai, X. J., Vangel, M., Biederman, J., Hoover, C. S., Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Hirshfeld-Becker, D. R. (2019). Neural markers of depression risk predict the onset of depression. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 285, 31-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2019.01.006
Solomon, A. (2015). El demonio de la depresión. Editorial Debate.
Strong, C. E., & Kabbaj, M. (2018). On the safety of repeated ketamine infusions for the treatment of depression: Effects of sex and developmental periods. Neurobiology of Stress, 9, 166-175. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ynstr.2018.09.001
Ter Laak, J. J. F. (1996). Las cinco grandes dimensiones de la personalidad. Revista de Psicología, 14(2), 129-181: https://doi.org/10.18800/psico.199602.002
Trueta, C. (2014). La liberación de calcio de los depósitos intracelulares promueve la secreción de serotonina en terminales sinápticas. Salud Mental, 37(2), 103-110. http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/sm/v37n2/v37n2a3.pdf
Van Buren, A., & Cooley, E. L. (2002). Attachment styles, view of self and negative affect. North American Journal of Psychology, 4(3), 417-430. https://digitalcommons.sacredheart.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1084&context=psych_fac
Villas Boas, G. R., Boerngen de Lacerdac, R., Meirelles Paes, M., Guber, P., Da Cruz Almeida, W. L., Rescia, V. C., Moreira Galdino de Carvalho, P., Valladao de Carvalho, A. A., & Aparecida Oesterreich, S. (2019). Molecular aspects of depression: A review from neurobiology to treatment. European Journal of Pharmacology, 851, 99-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.02.024
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